CALYPSO RESEARCH
.Project 1 Aphanius killiefish :This Project is closed
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The Aphanius project is a breeding programme sponsored by Calypso Research, a branch of The Calypso Organization. Its goal is to spawn and raise a range of endangered Aphanius killiefish species in captivity in aquaria; to standardise their breeding requirements in order that the project may be replicated, and to build up sufficient stocks for eventual re-release in to their original habitat where suitable locations still exist
This site is not intended as a repository of online data for Aphanius species, much of which is covered extremely well elsewhere. For data on individual species please follow the links on the Species List page and these will be updated and modified when new data becomes available
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Project 2 ( Completed)
Synthetic Seawaters for Aquaria and
Laboratories. A Calypso Research Report. 1979
All types comprehensively discussed , all published formulae analysed and new
formulae proposed *
Primary researchers( 1968-1978) : G.H.Jennings,MBA J.B.Clark,B.Sc
ISBN: 0906301 00 9 2/1/78
The Calypso Research report on Synthetic Seawaters was, and is, the primary
source of most modern documents. It is unfortunate that many of these, including
the entry in Wikipedia do not acknowledge the debt owed to this pioneering
document.
* Meereswasser, Bundo-to, Instant Ocean,
Marina, Red Sea Salts, Lyman and Fleming, Challenger, Synthetica, M70, and many
many more..........
Synthetic Seawater. Preface
It is very possible to prepare solutions that duplicate the properties of sea water. There may be problems encountered along the way because (a) the ions (salts) in which the elements occur in sea water may vary, (b) elements that occur in sea water in small amounts are present as contaminants in other compounds in quantities which may far exceed those that should be added, and (c) many of the salts which must be added in fairly large amounts are hygroscopic or contain water of crystallization and are difficult to weigh accurately. The latter difficulty may be partially avoided by the use of formula or recipes which take this into account.
Although it would be of great interest to prepare solutions duplicating all the physical and chemical properties of sea water, it is generally not essential. In studies of certain of the physical-chemical properties, it is sufficient to add to the solution only the more abundant ions. In other instances—for example, when chemical methods are to be standardized—only one element or ion need be accurately known and other ions only approximately. Furthermore, in experiments with marine plants the major elements may not have to be closely controlled, but it will generally be necessary to know the concentrations of the biologically essential elements that are normally present in small amounts. If possible, natural sea water should always be used in physical or biological studies, but in the latter case it is sometimes desirable to enrich the water with certain of the plant nutrients.
Synthetic Seawaters suggests formulae for preparing solutions both approximating the composition of natural sea water and exactly specifying a standard seawater and regional variations. They have been adjusted to a standard chlorinity. The formulae contains suggestions regarding the nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon needed by marine plants. Additional elements may be necessary but care should be taken as these are probably always present as impurities. The formulae of Brujewicz (Subow, 1931) and of Lyman and FIeming (1940) contain only the major elements. The last-mentioned formula is fully discussed in the main text. All other formulae have been adjusted to a standard chlorinity . In all cases the reagents used should be of the highest quality; analysed for contaminants and, if necessary, purified.
Keywords: Synthetic, Seawaters, artificial, seawater,
chemistry, Laboratories, oceanography, formula,recipe, formulae,Synthetic Sea
Water Recipe, synthetic sea water, synthetic sea, sea water, sea water recipe,
synthetic sea recipe
Links to similar articles and data on synthetic seawater formulation and usage:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_seawater
Seawater - Its Composition. Properties and Behaviour.
Seawater - Its Composition. Properties and Behaviour.
The Open University. 1992
